10. Disinterested intellectual curiosity is the life blood of real civilization

Intro:
Human intellect is not free from his interest so his(human's) curiosity which is always pacified by organised scientific enquiry and investigation in the field related.then man's intellect that  is the ability to reason is used for to spread and to earn a consensus for his own preferences and priorities compatible to one's opinion and thoughts constructed after thorough investigation.Man is bestowed with blessing of independent thinking and reason.But progress demands more than intellect .Intellect which serve the common good or for good of whole society rather than narrow interest of Individual or few.Disinterested intellectual curiosity is what if present in individual he never seeks personal advantage by orienting effort  in his own favour and in doing so maintain true spirit and essence of the reason.

Curiosity ,Intellect and Knowledge

Inquisitiveness is mother of all knowledge ,which man employs for obtaining the knowledge of whatever the unknown and to add in the existing corpus of knowledge.But it should be free from prejudices of the existing knowledge.If not then the existing ken and corpus of knowledge loose its usefulness and worthiness in the time because of continuous change in human society.Without curiosity ,the intellect is fruitless and so the knowledge loose its vitality and vigourness.

Intellectual curiosity :A vital of civilization

Progress is born of inquiry.when intellectual inquiry finds the problems of man and aid human to live better,progress occurs.Progress is a change towards a anticipated goal.Civilization is a utilitarian order.What we achieved cumulatively throughout the change it its journey.Human civilization ,according to some thinkers ,followed the cyclic order creation and death.Worlds were created and decayed .The changes in physical environment and biological evolutionary changes  are adapted by humans through the technological order and cultural order.But both technology and cultural order needs upgradation to facilitate adaptability to Human civilization irrespective of time and space.Advancement comes through investigation which is stimulated by curiosity.Curiosity about nature,about self existence,about metaphysics and any other phenomena which lacks logical explanation of occurrence.In this way curiosity is drive behind civilizational progressiveness.If not so then Societies get entrapped in dark ages like In India after Gupta's age and in premodern european societies.
Real civilization and Goal

If we relate real civilization with sustainability,vitality and healthiness then its constituents must have contentment all throughout life.Change is inevitable,permanent ,continuous and more a necessity.It is the blood of any civilization and needs fresh supply recurrently.Every domain of life affected by lack of intellectual curiosity.then the goal of the civilization is defeated .To provide the best possible life to its beings  is the means as well as end of the civilization.

11. Creation of smaller states and the consequent administrative ,economic and developmental implications

In any federation and union states are different administrative and political entity which represent separate identity of themselves with respect to each other.This separate identity of state solidified in the people's ideology attached to language ,ethnicity or other for of cultural identity.Whenever the demands of any group of people not met with their aspirations  and necessities then the caused frustration led to claim for separate statehood.though lack of development of a particular region and its people is primary reason for demand for creation of smaller state but sometimes political parties also polarize the demand of separate statehood in their own vested interest of narrow political gain.

                  In India,the demands of separate states has been evaporating from time to time after independence.With State reorganisation act,1956 the various small states cam e into existence on linguist basis,after that Goa,Nagaland ,Sikkim etc. formed from Foreign territory or Union territory.In 1966 haryana was created after bifucation of Punjab.In 2000. three states Uttarakhand,Jharkhand and chattisgarh were created from UP ,Bihar and Madhya pradesh repectively.In these three states chhatisgarh and Jharkhand were created on the basis of backwardness and tribal identity while Uttarakhand was created for separate geographical Terrain and related culture.

                 Regionalism and ethnic sentiments of the deprived sections(from main stream development) ,when polarised ,a demand of smaller state comes to the surface.When demand of smaller state matures then definitely there are some plausible reasons . the reasons propagated can be that the small state are better maintained and run by administrative machinery .Smaller state have lesser number of groups with separate identity or sometimes a single ethnic or cultural group .Thus the discriminatory politics can not play its part to create regional disparities.all the areas and people are taking care by government at par with a particular geographical area will be utilized for that part only. Class and group conflict will be minimized or atleast will be lessened.
In India ,there are more than 20 demands are there for separate . Demands for Gorakhaland in Northern  west Bengal,Bodoland in northern Assam,Bundelkhand from UP and Madhya Pradesh,Harit pradesh,Awadh and purvanchal from UP,Marusthal from western Rajasthan,Kongu Nadu from Tamilnadu,Laddakh from J & k, Tulu Nadu from Karnatka,Kosal from Odisha ,Vidarbha from Maharashtra and Kutch or Saurashtra from Gujrat etc. are at one stage or another.
                  when we talk about consequent administrative,economic and developmental implications then certainly we can say that  administrative convenience cannot come from smaller territorial jurisdiction but comes from rational and justified work allotment among administrators and administrative expertise.The administration effectiveness also depends on fair recuitment ,corruption free environment ,instrumental role of administration with political neutrality etc. Large state with large administrative machinery can be equally efficient if appropriate and balanced division of authority is excercised among staff agency and field units.Economic sustainability depends on the available capital,natural resources and human resource .If anyone among these lacks then economy of the state will suffer despite its size and population.Even smaller state cannot sustain without proper availability of economic prerequisites for development.While development is more comprehensive than mere administrative or economic aspect which better evaluated by empirical evidences.In 2000,three states were created in which Chhatisgarh and Jharkhand missed their aspire and expected level of development except Uttarakhand.Jharkhand even proved to be political failure state though having vast natural resources.Implication in terms of development depends on all aspects administrative ,political and Economic and Social also.We cannot evaluate considering only one aspect that whether the newly created state will be successful on the expected growth trajectory.
                          Creation of the state should be rational after prolonged public debate and thorough evaluation and not initiated or motivated  by political interest.It should emerge from genuine people's aspirations and necessity.Autonomy may be the intermediary stage but may be effective in gradual transfer of power to people,administration and political group of newly created state.

8. Is autonomy the best answer to combat balkanisation

Intro:
Explanation of Balkanisation: (B)

Originally Balkanisation is the geopolitical term used to describe the division of a region or state into the small fragmentation.It was coined at the end of World War I to describe the ethnic and political fragmentation that followed the breakup of the Ottoman Empire, particularly in the Balkans.But  now the term is used in broader aspect even refer to fragmentation of organization,technical concept like internet any paradigm or even any concept.

Cons of (B):

(B) leads to creation of smaller states after division which further lack in capacity in terms of Economic,political,administrative etc. This small nation image not so relevant at world stage to project herself as a power.the smaller state even lack in capacity to deal with external threat and becomes prone to security threat.The state becomes constrained to undertake big projects for the welfare of the society.

(B) has no end in itself ,it may have cascading effect and defeat the purpose for which it came into existence by demanding more autonomy or further Balkanisation.Second,B is against the trends of time.Here we can quote the examples of regional blocs like EU ,African union etc. the 21st century is for heterogenous societies(moving towards homogeneity) and cultural mix under discourse of Globalisation having instruments and concepts of mobility,communication ,internet,spread of cosmopolitan culture to dilute the heterogeneity among societies.
Autonomy :An evaluation

Autonomy refers to one's own self-governance or accountability for one's actions..It satisfies the aspirations of the people under constitutional framework.it stave off  division of country.But sometimes it creates anarchic condition when the actors after getting autonomy act according to their whims and fancies.So a machinery should be already in governing framework to curb excessive arbitrariness in the excercise of autonomy. When Balkanisation is demanded by demagogues,office seekers and political entrepreneurs then coercion is the best option.Asymmetric feudalism and other constitutional innovations are other forms through which we can fight with Balkanisation.Group rights in Indian constitution(art 25-30) is another method to combat Balaknisation.
Is autonomy is the best answer 
Autonomy is one of the methods to combat Balkanisation .there is not one sure fit for all problems .Solution has to be problem specific. There can be any case where autonomy is the best answer.
Conclusion :
Though Balkanisation is not always the best answer but it can be if implemented in time.the demands for autonomy or for Balkanisation develops gradually.Whether it is state or organisation when works in efficiently or can not fulfill its purpose then a leval of discontent evolves among their constituents.When this discontent matures and not addressed in the duration of time it converts into the demands of balkanisation.

9. National Identity and patriotism

Intro:

Balanced,rational and healthy feeling of patriotism is necessary for the healthy ,sustainable and progressive life of the nation.patriotism dependent on national identity(NI) and also promotes it.NI like any other identity is a social political construct so have its own constraint.It is extraneous.

NI and Patriotism have deep relation, more correctly if NI is not well formed then Patriotism  is difficult to be found in state's subjects.

How NI Is formed 

Politics is the main medium through which NI is formed.Politics uses shared history,commonality of culture and ethnicity .Dialogue between past and present.Dependent on contemporary politics .Eg When BJP formed the government in 1998 then it changed the content of NCERT book to glorify Hindu nation and Hindu ideology. British Rule came out with different version of history which served their interest.Pakistan,India and Bangalore -all three countries shared the same history but differently taught in each country.Though ideally state should stay away from academia. Subnational identities can promote secessionist tendencies.tendencies. Demagogues ,rabblerousers can use such NI's for political gains.Patriotism is the last resort of the scoundrels.

Democratic ,inclusivist and minority rights respecting open political space for expression of all shades of opinion and such a political system leads to development of healthy ans all comprising NI which is good for Nation and civic life.

NI ,patriotism and nationalism

Too much extreme patriotism leads to Nationalism which further transform into Nazism and Fascism.Even Rabindranath tagore in his essay on 'Nationalism' ,ahs no hesitation in condemning it. He call it 'the organised self interest of a whole people and self idlolatory.Presently existence of large no. of artificial states like Africa,south Asia,City states(Hongkong,Taiwan,Kuwait etc) can not have balanced spirit of Patriotism among its citizen though can be mobilized by Politicians having narrow  or vested interests.These artificial states are hotbed for superpower rivalry and for them it is very difficulty to maintain security ,territorial integrity and national interest.In these states nationalism evaporated as reaction to interference of superpower and antagonistic to the same.

Origin of Nattionalism /Nation can be refer to 'westphalian Treaty'(1648) and the French Revolution(1789). The reasons of origin were given as Security of the state so to make society a fighting machine through centralisation of power.
Patriotism and Nationalism ,though both use National Identity but there is difference in purpose.Patriotism is incipient,implicit spirit evolved gradually for national solidarity ,collectiveness and national interest.but it seems the contemporary Nationalism is like a hot air blowing with a certain cause,usually against Internationalism.
EU: a case study 
EU, a supranational project for which a patriotism was a hindrance as it considered nationality  at par with homogeneity before but now patriotism giving space to spirit of regional cooperation and collectiveness.It seems 20th century was for homogenous society reflected through NI but 21st century is for heterogeneous societies. Here we can quote Indian example where Local and national identities both are equally strong and in harmony.India is a set example for EU of future.
Conclusion:
National Identity should be promoted as inclusive and in moderate tone so that it can not go against Internationalism which is demand of the world in future.Humanity can play a decisive and imperative role for harmonious exploitation of National identity for the betterment of the world including the nations individually.Education may prove as one of the means ,Information age can better use of communication technology to spread such kind of education.

7. Globalisation and its impact on Indian culture

Intro:

Define globalization in 100 words (refer essay-3)

G itself is manifestation of changes taking place in every so society and culture in the world due to rapid and increased interaction among all cultures.The regular addition and subtraction of cultural traits results in culture change. All cultures change over time--none is static. However, the rate of change and the aspects of culture that change varies from society to society.Culture inherently have diverse modes of thinking and living ,diverse modes of creative activity,diverse modes of social intercourse ,diverse modes of recreation,diverse tastes and diverse hobbies.Differences of cultural expression are in themselves and apart from external coercion not subject to necessity of coordination in single system.So the culture is by nature pluralistic. G only support pluralistic characteristics of culture to expand and proliferating in more acceptable ways by facilitating the plethora of choices in every domain of cultures of the world.

What is culture 

culture have two aspects material culture and abstract culture(non material culture).Material culture consist of clothing,fashion,housing,food,cuisine ,language,communication devices etc. Non-material culture includes the behaviour, ideas, norms, values, and beliefs that contribute to a society's overall culture.All things we bring into existence because we want them as such ,something that we crave after or think we need.they represent ways in which we express ourselves for example typewriter has a utilitarian order so belongs to civilization but novel produced by it falls into cultural order.They respond to a necessity within us ,not to an outer necessity.This is realm of values ,of styles,of emotional attachments,of intellectual adventures.

G and Changing India's material Culture 

Indian urban society already has transformed in its outlook and clothing like T-shirt,jeans,party wears are replacing traditional wear cotton Dhoti,Sarees and suits.These changes are moderately visible in village areas.

People's food habit are shifting to packaged food .Some kind of packaged food is indigenised even like milk and milk products,packaged atta,spices and cooking oil.Road sides eateries are serving Omelette and cutlets which is European style.

Transportation is in line with global trend .Major cities gradually developing its rapid bus corridors ,metro rail network and other mass transit systems.

Communication is both cause and effect of G .India has emerged one of the leading nation in indigenising the latest technology of Information and communication technology .

Education is now more accessible and open under G.Global international schools ,Exchange programs with foreign schools and universities ,Foreign university campuses.
list is unexhaustive so we will try to condense here
When two value laden variables interacts ,if one loose its identity then it is not desirable and good for its perspective. Integration of both with retaining their  individual identity is common good.Though some perceived changes are not a direst threat to India's culture.like few people says that Burger is threat to South Indian Dosa and north India samosa then it is misinterpreted.A burger can not take place of Dosa or Samosa in real sense.

G and changing India's Non material Culture 

The stream of norms , beliefs ,customs  and ideas in any culture flows from Socio-politico and economic  life and changes with the change in any of these aspects.

Norms and customs are loosening significance in their original tone but reinforced with a slightly different form.Like at Diwali ,chain of  electric bulbs taking place of the traditional deeps.At large the whole way of life is changing not only in urban India but also in rural areas.

Religion gradually restricting to individual faith excepting some sporadic religious fundamentalist currents.people are emerging as more tolerant religiously .Rituals weakening and loosening their space in fast competitive life under G.Due to G religion is continuously restricting to individualism and people despite of any religious belongingness resorting to similar way of life.Now religion is not dominating to prescribe the domestic chores ,profession and other aspects of life.under capitalism ,market is now deciding factor what had been arena of religion and community throughout ate human civilization largely.Abstract part of culture like ideas are becoming more spontaneous and fast to bring change .Change and other dynamic part of life is becoming more necessary ,acceptable and appreciable under discourse of G.ideas of change spreading in society and covering its subjects without distinction.though values are not he same but what is desirable is also  value laden and expressed by priorities and and necessities of the people of concerned culture.

G and changing rural India 

In rural areas land and agriculture is above means of livelihood.But due to corporatisation of agriculture ,feminisation of agriculture ,Contract farming etc. are deeply pervaded in the agriculture.Social inequalities in rural are reducing but economic inequalities are increasing in the similar way as in the Urban.Rural youth now no longer want to pursue agriculture and aspires to do White collar Jobs.Not only the highly educated youth is migrating from rural but lower and middle level educated youth finds him in the same traps of expectations and desires of scintillating urban life.They even don't know that low skilled jobs can not give them what they want in Urban.I urban people do not enjoy work,and see it as something they have to do only in order survive,and even that survival comes at the stake of calm,serene and peaceful community life(in rural).

Is the change/impact on culture progressive (conclusion)

Indian of 21st century shares more features with China or the US that it shares with 19th century India.So what we can conclude about this change,is it progressive for India which we can never say with certainty.progress ,in absolute sense ,which means cultural progress,remains a matter of faith.The facts as we know them and particular conception we constructs with them depends on our agreeable and acceptable worthwhileness which is coming.And no matter what standards we accepts ,we find an ebb and flows,a lack of certitude about the move of culture.What we acquire of the culture of the present or of the past depends on what we are and the role of G can be restricted to facilitator and not seeker of change.Certainly we are bound by some imperative necessities of era of G but it is always true that a new generation cannot enjoy the greater cultural achievements of the past unless they win it afresh for themselves.thus we should leave the authority of decision to alter the flow of impacts of currents of G on new generation in their favour according to their tastes and necessities although we can not forget the umbrella of cumulative wisdom we earned in the journey of our great culture and civilization.  

6.Independent thinking should be encouraged right from childhood

INTRO

Independent thinking is the process of making sense of the world based on your own observations and experiences rather than depending on the word of others. It is the ability to trust your own judgments, even if they are not in agreement with what others might say or believe. Independent thinking means acting in accordance with your beliefs, even if you sometimes make mistakes, and looking for flaws in arguments and resisting claims that have no supporting evidence.

Though a man is born with independent thinking but gradually parents,friends and society pose some control and constraints upon his thinking .Here we can quote  "man can do what he thinks but can not will what he wills" in the words of Schopenhauer ,a famous Philosopher.

What Independent thinking will do broadly

The role of independent thinking in change is very crucial.With independent thinking a man is not captured or restricted to existing social and derived personal values.He treats each one with the same fervor and reason,thus becomes the base and prime mover change.The passive acceptor and submissive can not bring a vibrant change.

Independent thinking may eliminate disputes among individuals caused by narrow mindset attached to primordial values and parochialism.

Independent thinking will promote creativity and freshness of thought and will cause innovation.

Why should encourage independent thinking right from childhood
According to neurological science ,brain plasticity is maximum in childhood.so habit of Independent thinking must be inculcated and trained fro childhood.
You can not change a  religious fundamentalist into a secular person not just because he is mature enough to understand reason.After a certain age ,by following a certain way of life,man accepts himself a less significant part of  larger whole of society.To be comfortable and being in harmony with fellow beings becomes his rational thought.he starts to work for maintaining and continuing the status quo in major aspects of life.Thus to create a highly rational independent thinkers and practitioners ,Independent thinking should be inculcating right from childhood.
what advantages to human society from independent thinkers
-it will make the individuals and so the whole society highly secular.No religion fundamentalist,orthodoxy,parochialism and traditionalism.Spirituality will overtake rituals in all religions.
-It will make formal institutionalized education system to  more effective and as what is desired.
-Modernisation in society will be rapid due to highly innovative,risk taking through initiative and newness.Traditions will not be judged by sacredness but by reason and rationality.A virtuous cycle will exist for progress and modernisation.
-Equality will percolate to practices from preachings.so a base will be provided for upcoming egalitarian society.caste ,class,gender and other discriminations will be minimal.democratic principles will be followed al large in every aspects of collective doings.
-every professional will be innovator,initiator and entrpreneurs in his own.

5. Is colonial mentality hindering india's growth or not

Intro:

Prevalence of colonial mentality is all part of post colonial societies with Indian being no exception.colonial mentality is the reference to the values transferred to the post colonial society which were adopted and practised by the colonial society during foreign rule.all these ideas,values ,beliefs and ideology which were in in foreigners ,were forcefully imposed on the people by manipulating and conditioning the environment.Gradually these vales became part of the society and entrenched deep in the social psyche.For example that the Elite and privileged class express snobbish and haughty behaviour.In this way the The elite mimic the foreigners and poorer class try their best to shift to elite class and if succeed then they put all pretensions of the elites.

Colonial mentality(CM) a derogatory term as well 

first all undesired values entrenched in society during colonial period are termed as colonial mentality collectively.this is of no good for contemporary society as these were in the interest of the rulers at that time.this very social phyche protect and maintain stunted growth,sycophancy means 'mai baap culture',blind imitation of westernization,colonial work culture,education system orthodoxy and crony capitalism. 

The term Macaulay's Children is used to refer to people born of Indian ancestry who adopt Western culture and Rudyard Kipling's White Man's burden like terms shows how the rulers made theories to weaken the faith of subjects in their own culture and values.

Colonial mentality,social system and related progress

colonial mentality and political system:
Due to CM politics is alienated from common mass as they thought politics is for elites and big aristocratic families.the result is that the whole political system was captured by few families and worked in their interest.The first generation leaders after independence were filled with patriotism and concern for masses but gradually replaced by the leaders who promoted sycophants and ignored the appreciation of merit .
Colonial mentality and administration:
the administrators psyche is that they are not for people and over people .The Official Secret act still hover over their mind in the era of Right to information  and Right to be informed.
CM and culture :
Culture is assimilating with the western culture but the youth is very criticizing and skeptical about its own culture and aping ruthlessly the western one without considering the pros and cons.The joint families are breaking;consumerism is proliferating;individualism is at its apex in urban life;fashion and style only limited to mimic and imitation.
CM and sports:
till recently Indian has been obsessed with single sports that is Cricket which suppressed the other sports and sportsmen flowering out even our National game Hockey is behind the curtain raised by Cricket and its limelight.
CM and education 
the education system started by Macaulay's minute to create Babus (clerks) in the persona of  black english who by colour was Indian but in taste English.the education is still more or less the similar and generating only the cog in machine.
Though what we discussed are both part of colonial legacy and colonial mentality but the to seek the fine distinction is not so fruitful effort.
Conclusion:
When an individual has adopted the belief that the colonizer is superior to one’s heritage, and when one has already begun emulating the colonizer because of their alleged superiority, the colonized might begin to view the colonizer in a positive light.This very perception takes roots in social psychology which gradually organize and institutionalized.on the other hand the colonized forget the rich heritage of one's own.
To reinforce the sense of trust,faith and pride in one's own culture is of Leaders,educationist,religious gurus or reformers through breaking the walls of stiff dogmas and orthodoxy prevalent by reinterpreting the knowledge  and reason relevant to present context.
What our mass is forgetting that our spiritual acme is above all other civilizations.we are the people who teach and preach the world about ultimate and sacred goal of human life.We are far away from materialism ,what most of societies celebrate,in principle.practiced has to be changed.
Education reform may bring ideological change faster and in commensurate with the economic and political change.

We attempted a short essay but aim is to touch the maximum dimensions not to elaborate those .your feedback is needed to widen the horizon.